Quick Reference Guide for Pressure and Flow Instrumentation

Mass Flow Controller
Courtesy Brooks Instrument

Brooks Instrument is a globally recognized manufacturer of flow and pressure instrumentation for scientific and industrial use. The company's product line ranges through:

Variable Area Flowmeters - Armored metal, glass tube and plastic for reliable measurement of liquids and gases

Mass Flow Controllers - Coriolis and thermal mass flow technology for precision fluid measurement and control

Pressure Controllers - Digital and mechanical pressure regulators and controllers deliver high precision gas control

Pressure and Vacuum Products - Pressure transducers, gauges, and capacitance manometers

Vaporization Products - Deliver controlled high purity vapor to processes from source liquid

There are many products and variants. The company developed a summary document that provides an overview of the various product types, enabling potential users to focus quickly on the instruments that will meet their requirements. The document is included below.

Share your pressure, vacuum, and flow measurement and control challenges with product application specialists, combining your process knowledge and experience with their product application expertise to develop effective solutions.

Flow, Pressure & Vapor Instrumentation from Miller Energy, Inc.

Thermal Mass Flow Meter Q&A From Magnetrol

Thermatel® thermal mass flow meter
Courtesy Magnetrol®

Sometimes you discover that others do something better than you. When that happens, watch and listen.

Tom Kemme, from Magnetrol®, expertly fielded some questions about thermal mass flow meters in a recent blog post. Mr. Kemme's responses were so useful and clear that I decided, with all the credit flowing his way, to share them here for those of you that may not closely follow the Magnetrol® Blog.

Question: What is the difference between the flow units Nm3/h, Sm3/h, and actual m3/h?

Answer: Actual m3/h is a flow rate at operating temperature and pressure. Normal or standard m3/h (Nm3/h = Sm3/h) is a flow rate at standard temperature and pressure (STP). I tend to reference the natural gas industry, where it is not possible to compare flow rates at every operating condition, so it is preferable to reference all flow rates back to a set of base conditions, such as 60°F and 1 atm. STP is not universal so it may be unique based on the region or industry.

Most flow meters output a flow rate at operating conditions and need to correct this measurement. This may be accomplished with a multivariable transmitter or external to the device. A few examples that do not need to correct the measurement are thermal mass flow meters, such as the ones produced by MAGNETROL, and Coriolis flow meters.

Question: Do you have any certified failure rate data on your units to perform an SIL verification?

Answer: A Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostics Analysis (FMEDA) is completed during development to determine failure rates and Safe Failure Fraction (SFF). The SFF is utilized to determine Safety Integrity Level (SIL), which is often the published value.

Question: What should my meter be reading with no air flow in the pipe?

Answer: At zero flow and a dry pipe, a thermal mass flow meter should measure zero. Different thermal meters may have varying stability at no flow due to differences in operation.

There are two different types of operation: constant temperature (CT) and constant power (CP). CT devices start with a low power and this power increases with the flow rate to maintain the constant temperature difference (ΔT) between the RTDs. CP devices start with a high ΔT between RTDs at low flow and the ΔT decreases as the flow rate increases. CP may lack stability at zero flow due to possible convection currents associated with the high ΔT. CT will hold zero better, particularly devices that add less heat. For example, the maximum surface temperature of a TA2 probe is 4 C above process temperature. This is extremely low heat, eliminating convection currents due to the sensor. Convection currents could also occur through the pipe due to temperature variations.

It is also possible for a thermal meter to measure above zero during a no flow condition when there is pressure buildup in the line (typically a valve closed downstream). There may be low flow cutoff settings that can be changed to ignore nuisance measurements.

You can easily tap into Magnetrol® expertise to solve your flow measurement challenges. Reach out to a product specialist and combine your process knowledge with their flow measurement expertise to develop effective solutions.

Mounting Options For DP Transmitters With Universal Mounting Bracket

This short video illustrates the ease with which numerous mounting configurations of DPharp transmitters can be accomplished in new and existing operations. The DPharp line of pressure transmitters utilize Yokogawa's top flight digital sensing technology for accurate process measurement of pressure and differential pressure in a multitude of applications.

Share your process measurement challenges with application experts, combining your process knowledge with their product application expertise to develop effective solutions.

Dynamic Compensation for Static Pressure Effects in Differential Pressure Measurement

DPharp Gauge Pressure Transmitter
Courtesy Yokogawa

Attaining the best available performance and accuracy from any measuring device utilized in an industrial process is always advantageous. The scale of most industrial processes is such that even small inaccuracies in process measurement produce financially tangible impact. Differential pressure measurement, with wide application in the industrial process sphere, can be improved with the addition of a means to compensate for the real world effects of static pressure upon instrument performance.

Yokogawa Corporation has developed a means to dynamically compensate for static pressure effects in field measurements. The brief technical presentation below will help you understand how static pressure effects can impact your field measurements, as well as how Yokogawa’s Real-time Dynamic Compensation works to offset its impact.

More detailed product and application information is available from your Yokogawa specialist.

Dynamic Compensation for Static Pressure Effects in Differential Pressure Measurement from Miller Energy, Inc.

Summary of Technologies Used For Continuous Liquid Level Measurement in Industrial Process Control

Non-contact radar liquid level transmitter
Courtesy Magnetrol

Automated liquid processing operations in many fields have requirements for accurate and reliable level measurement. The variety of media and application criteria demand continuous improvement in the technology, while still retaining niches for older style units utilizing methods that, through their years of reliable service, inspire confidence in operators.

Here is a synopsis of the available technologies for instruments providing continuous liquid level measurement. All are generally available in the form of transmitters with 4-20 mA output signals, and most are provided with additional outputs and communications. What is notably not covered here are level switches or level gauges that do not deliver a continuous output signal corresponding to liquid level.

Whether considering a new installation or upgrading an existing one, it can be a good exercise to review several technologies as possible candidates for a project. None of the technologies would likely be considered the best choice for all applications. Evaluating and selecting the best fit for a project can be facilitated by reaching out to a product application specialist, sharing your applications challenges and combining your process knowledge with their product expertise to develop an effective solution.

Displacer – A displacer is essentially a float and a spring that are characterized for a particular liquid and range of surface level movement. The displacer moves in response to liquid level, changing the location of a core connected to the displacer by a stem. The core is within a linear variable differential transformer. The electrical output of the transformer changes as the core moves.

Guided Wave Radar – A radar based technology that uses a waveguide extending into the liquid. The radar signal travels through the waveguide, basically a tube. The liquid surface level creates a dielectric condition that generates a reflection. Calculations and processing of the emitted and returned signals provide a measure of distance to the liquid surface. No moving parts.

Magnetostrictive – A method employing measurement of the transit time of an electric pulse along a wire extending down an enclosed tube oriented vertically in the media. A magnetic float on the exterior of the tube moves with the liquid surface. The float’s magnetic field produces the return signal to the sensor. Processing the time from emission to return provides a measure of distance to the liquid surface.

Pulse Burst Radar - A radar based technology employing emissions in precisely timed bursts. The emission is reflectex from the liquid surface and transit time from emission to return is used to determine distance to media surface.  Not adversely impacted by changes in media conductivity, density, pressure, temperature. No moving parts.

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar – Another radar based technology that employs a radar signal that sweeps linearly across a range of frequencies. Signal processing determines distance to media surface.  Not adversely impacted by changes in media conductivity, density, pressure, temperature. No moving parts.

RF Capacitance - As media rises and falls in the tank, the amount of capacitance developed between the sensing probe and the ground reference (usually the side metal sidewall) also rises and falls. This change in capacitance is converted into a proportional 4-20 mA output signal. Requires contact between the media and the sensor, as well as a good ground reference. No moving parts.

Ultrasonic Non-Contact – Ultrasonic emission from above the liquid is reflected off the surface. The transit time between emission and return are used to calculate the distance to the liquid surface. No contact with media and no moving parts.

Differential Pressure – Pressure sensor at the bottom of a vessel measures the pressure developed by the height of the liquid in the tank. No moving parts. A variation of this method is often called a bubbler, which essentially measures hydrostatic pressure exerted on  the gas in a tube extending into the contained liquid. It has the advantage of avoiding contact between the measuring instrument parts, with the exception of the dip tube, and the subject liquid.

Laser - Probably one of the latest arrivals on the liquid level measurement scene, laser emission and return detection is used with time interval measuring to accurately determine the distance from the sensor source to the liquid surface.

Load Cell - A load cell or strain gauge can be incorporated into the support structure of the liquid containing vessel. Changes in the liquid level in the vessel are detected as distortions to the structure and converted, using tank geometry and specific gravity of the liquid.

All of these technologies have their own set of attributes which may make them more suitable to a particular range of applications. Consulting with a product specialist will help determine which technologies are the best fit for your application.

Diaphragm Pressure Gauges for Industrial Process Measurement

Example of a diaphragm pressure gauge
Courtesy Wika

Diaphragm pressure gauges, like every device and instrument intended for use in industrial process measurement and control, have their own set of attributes making them an advantageous choice for some range of applications. Silvia Weber, product manager at Wika, a globally recognized leader in the field of pressure and temperature gauges, wrote an article for Process Worldwide (process-worldwide.com/) about diaphragm pressure gauges.

The article is included below and provides a comparison of the differences between Bourdon tube and diaphragm operating mechanisms, focusing on design and operational features of diaphragm pressure gauges and the range of application criteria for which they may be the best choice.

Pressure gauges are utilized in most operations where fluids are moved through a system. Gauges, though mechanical in operation, remain a mainstay of fluid operations because of their reliability, local display, ruggedness, and lack of reliance on electric power for operation. There are countless pressure gauge configurations to suit every application. Specifying the best gauge configuration for an application is accomplished by combining your process knowledge with the application expertise of a product specialist.

Applying Diaphragm pressure gauges in industrial settings from Miller Energy, Inc.

Protect Valuable Pressure Gauges and Transmitters With a Pressure Limiting Valve

Pressure limiting valve provides gauge
or transmitter protection from spikes
Courtesy Mid-West Instruments

Pressure gauges and transmitters, commonly found in fluid process control operations, are vulnerable to damage from transient spikes in system pressure that may range beyond the instrument's working range. These pressure spikes can impact instrument calibration, or even render the instrument or gauge inoperative. The cost of replacing gauges or transmitters is substantial enough to warrant the use of protective devices to prevent exposure to pressure spikes.

Mid-West Instruments manufactures a line of pressure limiting valves specifically intended for use with pressure gauges and transmitters. The Model 200 pressure limiting valve prevents instrument over-range and has an adjustable needle valve to dampen pulsation. The valve and be used with all types of instruments and pressure gauges, is suitable for mounting in any position, and is available in a range of materials for body and seals.

The document below provides more product detail, as well as installation and setup instructions. Providing a useful measure of protection for pressure gauges and transmitters is a simple operation. Reach out to product application specialists for help in formulating effective solutions.

Pressure limiting valves for transmitter and gauge protection from Miller Energy, Inc.